فصلنامه ادب پژوهی
پیاپی 14 (زمستان 1389)

Narratology studies the rules of narratives in order to discover the links and relations between their constituting elements. A group of structuralists such as Greimas، Tudorov، Genette and Bremon have focused on discovering the patterns and sequential motifs of the stories. Greimas، based on the ideas of Jakobson and Saussure believed that the essence of the formation of stories is the opposition of functions. He followed a binary method between subject/object; sender/receptor; helper/competitor. All stories can be classified upon the existence or non-existence of one of these actants. Another topic in narrative system of Greimas is the concept of sequence which can be studied in three categories of “executive”، “treaty” and “singularity”. This article adopts the approach of Greimas for analyzing the narrative structure of “Owl and Raven” in Kalile va Demne.

The application of modern theories to classical works of literature is one of the basics of literary study in our time that makes the works more dynamic. One of these theories is that of C. G. Jung. Meanwhile، considering the fact that Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāme، in its mythical، legendary and epic parts، is talented to be read by Jungian approach، the present article studies some major characters of this work، specially Rostam، based on the individuation process of Jung.

Since lexicographers are routinely concerned with meaning، their acquaintance with different definitions of meaning and various approaches to semantics can greatly help them. This article through concentrating on how cognitive semantics determines meaning، examines the method of recording the meaning of locative prepositions in Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary and shows the weak and strong points of this method. This approach concerns with encyclopedic meaning which is different from dictionary meaning، and thus، indicates that the knowledge of cognitive semantics can be very beneficial in presenting the exact meaning of all entries in a dictionary.

Comparative literature intends to examine the historical relations between the literary works of two nations by the way of discovering their implicit links and contrasting their artistic، spiritual and contextual functions. Dowlat Abādi in “Missing Soluch”، based on a proper understanding of socio-cultural، historical and political conditions، artistically and realistically depicts the struggle of a community for life. Pearl Buck، from the other side، in “Mother”، presents an impressive picture of Chinese culture and traditions by focusing on incorrect socio-economical relations، and the impoverished and sorrowful life of the hard-working people in this country. The present article intends to perform a structural and contextual comparison between “Missing Soluch” and “Mother”.

In researches carried out on Persian grammar, the category of “exponence” has not been so much a matter of concern, as are the categories of “tense” and “aspect”. The grammatical capacities used for dealing with these three categories, are named “Modals”, which, by definition are formed through the process of modalization of lexical verbs. Modalization is among the general processes of grammaticalization whose grammatical capacities actualize as functional words, clitics, and inflectional affixes. Of all these, functional words and clitics take the position of modals. This article studies the modals which designate the concept of exponence. The examined categories are among the complete, incomplete, approximate and initial exponences. The examples presented indicate two significant points: first, modal verbs might have various grammatical functions; second, two or more modal verbs might have the same grammatical function.

The structures and forms used in Persian literature have shown to be increasingly complicated, since their very beginning up to now. One of the major ways of the formation of new structures has been producing the novel compound structures, but as in the books on rhetoric, the figures have traditionally been studied out of their contexts, it has not been possible to trace out the creative mechanisms in the back of them. This article, while emphasizing the necessity of studying the tradition of working on compound rhetorical structures, examines their application to poetical names for eulogy through introducing examples.

Considering the fact that novel ideas and findings have been presented by researchers working on copies of mowlavi’s texts، It is necessary to renew the collation of Fih-e Mā Fih. The present article، while emphasizing the significance of this book among the works of Persian literature in general، and mystical writings in specific، examines the manuscript of Fih-e Mā Fih in Mowlānā library of Ghoonieh as wells as its printed copy which has recently been edited by professor Towfigh Sobhāni.